DMSA;Succimer CAS:304-55-2_News

Product description:
--Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) is a modification of BAL containing two thiol groups, which are responsible for the unpleasant smell, and two carboxylic acid groups. DMSA is also known under the name Succimer. It chemical name is meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and the chemical formula is HO2CCH(SH)CH(SH)CO2H. 
  There are two diastereomeric forms, meso and the chiral DL forms, with the meso isomer being used as chelating agent.
  DMSA was developed in the 1960s and replaced BAL and edetate in some countries for the treatment of lead, arsenic and mercury poisoning. Furthermore, the dimethylester modification of DMSA has been successfully used for the treatment of heavy-metal poisoning.
--Succimer is a widely used chelating agent for the treatment of Pb poisoning. Red blood cells (RBCs) from lead exposed animals treated with NAC or Succimer are shown to have significantly higher glutathione (GSH) levels and diminished malondialdehyde (MDA) levels when compare to the lead group. 
Succimer administration also results in decreased glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity in RBCs from lead exposed animals. 

Preparation:
Isolate the solid complexes of trivalent lanthanide complexes with meso-2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic Acid, furan-2-carboxylic acid, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid and sarcosine from the mixture of equimolar solutions of metal nitrates and ligands. Adjust the pH of the mixture to 7 by adding dilute solution of KOH. 
Reflux the mixture in ethanol (15-20 ml) for 3-4 hours on a steam bath. The clear solution gives a solid mass on cooling, filter through G4 glass crucible and wash several times with the mixture of doubly distilled water and alcohol. Recrystallise it to obtain pure crystal and dry at 60℃-70℃.

Applications:
DMSA (Meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid) is a potent lead chelating agent found to be a scavenger of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Murine experiments have shown that this compound also lowers blood pressure in rat arterial hypertension via a decrease in total cell calcium levels. 
It has also been observed that DMSA upregulates mRNA expression of macrophage-1 antigen, L-, E-, and P-selectin, as well as causing an increase in TNFalpha (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) concentrations in murine lung. 
Mechanistic studies suggest that DMSA is metabolized into mixed disulfides of cysteine, which are active chelating agents.
Succimer does not bind iron, calcium or magnesium and preferentially binds lead, mercury and arsenic over copper or zinc. The metal-bound succimer is excreted in the urine. The drug may also be effective in adults.
Succimer treatment produces a significant reduction in blood lead levels for both lead exposure conditions: the High Pb-succ group has blood lead levels that are 27% of the blood lead levels of the High Pb group at the end of treatment.
 Succimer is effective in substantially reducing brain lead, as brain lead levels in the High Pb-succ group are 37% of levels in the High Pb group.
Veterinary Drugs and Treatments:
In veterinary medicine, succimer may be useful for the oral treatment of lead poisoning in small animals (including birds). Potentially, it also may be of benefit for the treatment of other toxic heavy metals such as arsenic or mercury, but more research must be done before this can be recommended.

              Product manager: Joy Wu                                                  Email address: Joy@coreychem.com